Rule

规则

A term used in Linguistics, and especially in generative grammar, to refer to a formal statement of correspondence between linguistic elements or structures. In the classical account, a grammar is seen as a set of rewrite rules which will generate all and only the grammatical sentences of a language.The rules may be subclassified in terms of the components of the grammar in which they appear (e.g. ‘phonological rules’, ‘syntactic rules’, ‘lexical rules’). In Syntactic Structures (1957), a distinction was made between optional and obligatory rules. Other types of rule commonly cited include recursive, global, movement, readjustment, variable, lexical insertion and lexical redundancy rules. The linguistic sense thus contrasts with the traditional use of the term, where rules are recommendations for correct usage. No prescriptive or proscriptive implication is present in the linguistic sense of ‘rule’.

语言学特别是生成语法用来指对语言成分或结构之间对应关系的形式说明。按经典的解释，一部语法可视作一批重写规则的集合，能生成并且只生成一种语言的合乎语法的句子。规则可按其出现的语法组成部分分类（例如“音系规则”，“句法规则”，“词汇规则”等）。在《句法结构》（1957）中规则分强制性和非强制性两类。其他经常引用的规则类型有递归规则、全应规则、移位规则、重新调整规则、变项规则、词汇插入规则、词汇羡余规则等。规则的语言学涵义因此有别于传统的用法，后者视规则为正确用法的规定，语言学所说的“规则”没有任何规定或禁用的含义。