Sense

涵义

In semantics, this term is usually contrasted with reference, as part of an explication of the notion of meaning. Reference, or denotation, is seen as extralinguistic - the entities, states of affairs, etc. Sense, on the other hand, refers to the system of linguistic relationships (sense relations or semantic relations) which a lexical item contracts with other lexical items - the paradigmatic relation- ships of synonymy, antonymy, etc., and the syntagmatic relationships of collocation.

语义学在阐释意义这一概念时常常将“涵义”与指称义对举。指称义或外延义被视为语言外的—词语代表的外部世界的实体、事态等。而涵义则指语言内部的关系系统（涵义关系），即一个词项与其他词项相联系，形成同义关系、反义关系等聚合关系和搭配的组合关系。