Surface Structure

表层结构

A central theoretical term in transformational grammar, opposed to deep structure. The ‘surface structure’ of a sentence is the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure of the sentence we articulate and hear. The standard view was that a grammar operates by generating a set of abstract deep structures, subsequently converting these underlying representations into surface structures by applying a set of transformational rules. An alternative conception related surface structure directly to a semantic level of representation, bypassing deep structure altogether. Later models introduce a modified notion known as S-structure. The term surface grammar is sometimes used as an information term for the superficial properties of the sentence.

转换语法的一个中心理论术语，与深层结构相对。句子的“表层结构”是句子的句法表征的最后一个阶段，为语法的音系部分提供输入，因此最接近于我们说出和听到的结构。标准的观点是，语法的操作过程是先生成一组抽象的深层结构，然后将这些底层表征式通过一组转换规则变换称表层结构。另一种观点是将表层结构与语义表征层面直接联系，干脆绕过深层结构。近年来已引入一个经修正的概念即所谓S-结构。“表层语法”一语有时用来非正式地指句子的表面特性。