Underlying

底层的

A term used in linguistics to refer to an abstract level of representation of a sentence postulated in order to explain the patterns encountered in the empirical data of a language. The notion of underlying representation or underlying forms is central to generative grammar, where a stage of underlying structure is recognized in the derivation of sentences. In early transformational grammar, the underlying phrase-marker refers to the structural description of a sentence which is the result of the phrase-structure rules; this underlying string then acts as the input to the transformational rules, which thereby produce ‘derived’ phrase-markers. Later, the term deep structure came to be used as a specific conception of underlying structure, in the context of Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, from which surface structures are transformationally derived. In government-binding theory, the term D-structure is used. The extent to which the various underlying representations of sentences have psychological reality has been and remains controversial.

语言学用此术语指为解释一种语言的经验数据中存在的型式而假设的一个抽象的句子表征层面。底层形式是生成语法的一个中心概念，即在句子的派生过程中分出一个底层结构阶段。早期的转换语法中，底层短语标记指一个句子的结构描写，是应用短语结构规则的结果；这个底层语符列然后充作转换规则的输入，从而产生“派生的”短语标记。后来，在《句法理论要略》的框架内，术语深层结构被用来专指底层结构，表层结构则通过转换由此派生而成。管辖与约束理论转而采用D-结构一语。句子的各种底层表征式在多大程度上具有心理的现实性，这一直是一个有争议的问题。