Tagmemics（Tagma，Tagmatics）

法位学（法位、法子、法子学）

A system of linguistic analysis developed by the American linguist Kenneth Lee Pike (1912—2000), and used by the Summer Institute of Linguistics for the training of linguists. Language is seen as comprising three modes – phonology, lexicon and grammar. The relationship phonology: phoneme and lexicon: morpheme is paralleled by grammar: tagmeme. This basic grammatical unit consists of a ‘functional slot’ within a construction frame, and a class of substitutable items that can fill this slot (‘fillers’). The identity of the tagmeme is in its correlation of function and form, with both being explicitly labelled in the analysis (such functions as subject, predicate, head, modifier and such forms as pronouns, noun phrases, infinitives). Tagmemic analysis involves a distinction between essential units ( the tagmemes) and the non-essential units (the minimal etic units, called tagmas, which are analysed as allotagmas of the tagmeme). The identification and classification of tagmas is the province of tagmatics. The constructions which result from the stringing together of tagmemes are known as syntagmemes. Grammatical units are organized hierarchically into levels (morphemes, words, phrases, clauses, sentences, etc.).

Units of language description, at any level in this approach, can be analysed simultaneously as particle (in terms of features), wave (in terms of their status as variants manifested in different contexts) and field (in terms of their distribution).

美国语言学家肯尼思·李·派克（生于1912）创立的一种语言学分析系统，“语言学暑假学院”曾用来训练语言学家。语言被视为由三个式组成，即音系、词汇和语法。音系：音位和词汇：语素的对应关系又与语法：法位相对应。“法位”这个基本语法单位由构式框架中的一个“功能槽”和可填入这个槽的一类可替换语项“填充形式”组成。法位身份的确定在于功能和形式的相关性，两者在分析中都有明确标记（如主语、谓语、中心语、修饰语等功能，代名词、名词短语、不定式等形式）。法位分析区分基本单位和非基本单位（最小非位单位，称作法子，分析为法位的法位变体）。法子的识别和分类属于法子学的范围。将法位串联起来组成的构式称作组合法位。语法单位按层级组织成不同的层面（语素、词、短语、小句、句子等）。

这个理论在任何一个层面上的语言描写单位都可同时分析为粒子（用特征定义）、波（用特征在不同语境中体现的各种变体的地位定义）和场（用特征的分布定义）。