Taxonomic

分类[学]的

An application of the general sense of this term in biosystematics, to refer to an approach to linguistic analysis and description which is predominantly or exclusively concerned with classification. The basis of classification may be diachronic, areal, typological, functional, etc., and the entities being classified may be linguistic features, items, units, structures – or whole varieties, dialects or languages. The notion of taxonomy has been fruitfully applied in many areas of linguistics (sociolinguistics, historical linguistics, semantics and computational linguistics in particular). The limitations of a taxonomic approach in linguistic analysis have, however, been emphasized by generative linguists, who have criticized the overreliance of structuralist (or ‘taxonomic’) linguistics on procedures of segmentation and classification. In particular, the use of this label is intended to indicate the inability of structural linguistics to provide a level of explanation in terms of deep structure. Such phrases as ‘taxonomic phonology’, ‘taxonomic syntax’, etc., when used in generative linguistics, invariably have a pejorative implication.

这个生物系统学的术语按其一般涵义用于语言学，指语言学分析和描写的一种取向，即主要或只关心分类问题。分类的依据可以是历时的、地域的、类型学的、功能的，等等，分类的对象可以是语言特征、语项、单位、结构等实体，或全部语言、语言变体或方言。分类学的概念已有效地应用于语言学的许多领域（特别是社会语言学、历史语言学、语义学）。但是生成语言学家一直强调分类学方法在语言分析中的局限性，他们批评结构主义（或“分类学的”）语言学过分依赖切分和分类程序。他们主要用这个名称来表明结构语言学在提供深层结构这样的解释平面方面无能为力。“分类音系学”、“分类句法学”等名称用于生成语言学都一律含有贬义。