Tension

紧音

A term used in the phonetic classification of speech sounds referring to the overall muscular effort used in producing a sound. The contrasts are labelled variously, e.g. fortis v. lenis, tense v. lax. This contrast is viewed as particularly important in distinctive feature theories of phonology, where ‘tense’ is one of the main features set up to handle variations in manner of articulation. Tense sounds have been defined both articulatorily and acoustically: they are sounds produced with a relatively strong muscular effort, involving a greater movement of the (supraglottal) vocal tract away from the positon of rest, and a relatively strong spread of acoustic energy. The opposite term in Jakobson and Halle’s system is lax; in Chomsky and Halle’s later system, the term non-tense is also used: these are sounds produced with less muscular effort and movement, and which are relatively short and indistinct, involving a relatively weak spread of acoustic energy as in centralized vowels. Subglottal tension in Chomsky and Halle’s system is handled by the feature heightened subglottal pressure.

语音学给语音分类的术语，指肌肉总体用力发出的音。与紧音的对立有多重名称，例如张音~弛音，紧音~松音。这种对立在音系学的各种区别特征理论中被认为特别重要，紧是描写发音方式变化而建立的主要特征之一。紧音从发音和声学两方面定义为：发音时肌肉较用力，（声门上）声道偏离静止位置的程度较大，分布的声学能量较强。对立的术语在雅可布逊和哈勒的系统中是松[音]；在乔姆斯基和哈勒后期的系统中也用非紧[音]：它们发音时肌肉不太用力，动作不太大，较短较含混，跟央化元音一样分布的声学能量较弱。乔姆斯基和哈勒系统中声门下紧音用声门下增压特征来描写。