Valency

配价[权限]

A term introduced by the French linguist Lucien Tenière (1893-1954), which has been particularly influential in the development of models of dependency grammar in Europe and Russia. The term is derived from chemistry and is used in linguistics to refer to the number and type of bonds which syntactic elements may form with each other; this ‘combining capacity’ is also known as adicity or arity. As in chemistry, a given element may have different valencies in different contexts. A valency grammar presents a model of a sentence containing a fundamental element (typically, the verb) and a number of dependent elements (variously referred to as arguments, expressions, complements or valents) whose number and type is determined by the valency attributed to the verb. For example, the valency of vanish includes only the subject element (it has valency of 1, monovalent, or monadic), whereas that of scrutinize includes both subject and direct object (a valency of 2, bivalent, or dyadic). Verbs which take more than two complements are polyvalent, or polyadic. A verb which takes no complements at all (such as rain) is said to have zero valency (be avalent). Valency deals not only with the number of valents with which a verb is combined to produce a well-formed sentence nucleus, but also with the classification of sets of valents which may be combined with different verbs. For example, give and put usually have a valency of 3 (trivalent), but the valents governed by the former (subject, direct object, and indirect object) are different from those governed by the latter (subject, direct object, and locative adverbial). Verbs which differ in this way are said to be associated with different valency sets. The notion is similar to that used in case grammar, where cases are sometimes referred to as valency roles.

法国语言学家卢西恩·特思尼耶尔（1893—1954）提出的术语，对以后欧洲和俄国各种依存语法模型的建立有特别重要的影响。术语来自化学，语言学用来指句法成分相互之间可形成的各种联系的数目和类型。跟化学一样，一个给定元素（成分）在不同的环境中可有不同的配价。配价语法提供一个句子的模型，其中包含一个基本成分（一般是动词）和若干依附成分（有主目、语词、补语、价等多种名称），依附成分的数目和类型由动词固有的配价权限决定。例如，vanish“消失”一词只带一个主语成分（即为一价或单价动词），而scrutinize“细看”带两个成分，一个主语和一个直接宾语（即为二价或双价动词）。不带任何补语的动词（例如rain“下雨”）称作零价或缺价动词。配价权限不仅处理合式句子中核心动词的价数，还可以处理可与不同动词组合的价的分类。例如，give“给”和put“放”一般都是三价动词，但give支配的价（主语，直接宾语，间接宾语）不同于put支配的价（主语，直接宾语，处所状语）。动词在这方面的区别称作有不同的配价集。配价的概念与格语法中格的概念相似，格有时也称作配价角色。