Substantive

（1）实体[共相]

（2）体词

(1) A term used in linguistic theory to refer to a category of linguistic universal; opposed to formal. Substantive universals are the primitive elements which a grammar establishes in order to analyse linguistic data, e.g. NP, VP, [+human], [+high] in generative grammar, or subject, verb, object, etc., in relational models.

(2) In some descriptive grammars, substantive is a term used in the classification of words, referring to the class of nouns (traditionally defined as ‘substances’, i.e. names of persons, places, things, etc.), and also to those items which function as nouns, though lacking some of the formal characteristics of that class (cf. the ‘substantival function’ of adjectives). The set of pronouns may also be included in this class.

（1）语言学理论用来指一类语言共相，与形式共相对立。实体共相是语法为分析语言数据而建立的各种基元成分，例如生成语法中的S，NP，VP，[+人类]，[+高]；各种关系模型中的主语、动词和宾语等。

（2）有些描写语法给词分类时用体词指名词类（传统上定义为“实体”，即人、处所、事物的名称），也指那些功能类似于名词的语项，但缺乏名词的某些形式特点（如形容词的“体词功能”），代名词类也可归入体词类。