Substrate

下位层

A term used in sociolinguistics and historical linguistics to refer to a linguistic variety or set of forms which has influenced the structure or use of a more dominant variety or language within a community. A substrate language (linguistic substrate or substratum) is particularly evidenced when a language is imposed on a community, as a result of political or economic superiority, as can be seen in the many varieties of English spoken throughout the world which incorporate characteristics of a mother-tongue. The opposite effect is known as a superstratum.

社会语言学和历史语言学术语，指一种语言变体或一组形式已影响一个社会内占主导地位的变体或语言的结构或用法。下位层语言或语言下位层特别见于一种语言因政治或经济的优越性而强加于一个社会的情形，例如世界各地所说的许多种英语变体，它们都包含母语的一些特点。相反的效应称作上位层。