Subject

主语

A term used in the analysis of grammatical functions to refer to a major constituent of sentence or clause structure, traditionally associated with the ‘doer’ of an action. The oldest approaches make a twofold distinction in sentence analysis between subject and predicate, and this is still common, though not always in this terminology; other approaches distinguish subject from a series of other elements of structure. Linguistics analyses have emphasized the complexity involved in this notion, distinguishing, for example, the grammatical subject from the underlying or logical subject of a sentence. Not all subjects, moreover, can be analysed as doers of an action. In generative grammar, subject is sometimes defined as the NP immediately dominated by S. While NP is the typical formal realization of subject, other categories can have this function, e.g. clause (S-bar).

分析语法功能时使用的术语，指句子或小句结构的一大组构成分，传统上与动作的“实施者”相联系。最古老的分析法将句子一分为二，即主语和谓语，这种分法现在依然常用，但术语可能有变化；其他分析法将主语与一系列其他结构成分相区分。语言学分析强调主语这一概念的复杂性，例如区分句子的“语法”主语和底层的“逻辑”主语。此外，并非所有主语都可分析为动作的施事。在生成语法中，主语有时定义为直接受S统制的NP。虽然NP一般是主语的实现形式，其他语类也可以充当主语，例如小句（S-杠）。