Type

类型，型

(1) A notion developed in mathematical logic and used as part of the conceptual apparatus underlying formal semantics (notably, in Lambda calculus). A type-theoretic approach offers a mathematical perspective for the categorial syntax of natural language, using the notion of a hierarchy of types as a framework for semantic structure (as in Montague grammar). Basic (or primitive) types (e.g. ‘entity’, ‘truth value’, ‘state’) are distinguished from derived or complex types (e.g. functional types: an example is (a, b), i.e. all functions taking arguments in the a domain apply to values in the b domain). Types are used in several models of lexical representation (notably, ‘typed feature structures’) to refer to a superordinate category. The types are organized as a lattice framework, with the most general type represented at the top and inconsistency indicated at the bottom. Similarities in lattices specify compatibility between types. Subtypes inherit all the properties of all their supertypes: for example, in a typed feature structure hierarchy, the subtype sausages under the type food (sausages are a type of food’) means that sausages has all the properties specified by the type constraints on food, with some further properties of its own.

(2) In lexical study, a term used as part of a measure of lexical density. The type / token ratio is the ratio of the total number of different words (types) to the total number of words (tokens) in a sample of text.

（1）（-d）数理逻辑术语，形式语义学（特别是兰姆达演算）用作基础概念之一。型论式语义学从数学角度考察自然语言的范畴句法，采用型层级这一概念作为语义结构的框架（如蒙塔古语法）。基本的（或原始的）型（例如“实体”，“真值”，“状态”）区别于派生的或复杂的型（例如各种函数型：一个例子是（a,b)，即在a域内带主目的所有函项适用于b域内的各个值）。词汇表征的好几种模型（特别是“型特征结构”）用型来指一个主导范畴。一系列型组织称一个格状框架，其中最一般的型置于顶端，不一致性则在底部表示。网格中的相似部分表示型与型之间的相容性。下位型承继其所有上位型的全部特性：例如在一个型特征层级中，下位型sausages“香肠”的上位型是food“食物”（“香肠是一种类型的食物”），即sausages具有food的型制约所规定的全部特性，再加上一些自身的特性。

（2）词汇研究测量词汇密度时使用的术语。型~例比率是在一个语篇样品中不同词（型）的全部数目与实际出现的词的全部数目的比率。